Discussion and assumption on the implementation plan of fore

Nanjing normal university institute of international culture and education Shen Chong one, the introduction in the law of the People's Republic of China on administration of entry or exit ahead, to recruit foreign students of colleges and universities has been in the higher learning school to receive foreign students management regulations to guide the management of foreign students. Article 36 stipulates that "foreign students may not obtain employment, trade or engage in other business activities while in school, but they may participate in work-study activities according to the regulations of the school" [1]. It can be seen that the work-study of foreign students has been available since 2000, but the choice of work is very small, and only the limited work of foreign language teaching can be conducted on campus. However, because the provisions "do not have any further provisions for the implementation of the implementation of the law, the implementation of the operation is not strong" [2]. On July 1, 2013, the new law of the People's Republic of China on exit and entry administration (hereinafter referred to as the new administration law) was in effect. Article 41 of the law clearly stipulates that "aliens shall obtain work permits and work class residence certificates in accordance with relevant regulations". Article 42 also stipulated by "the competent department of education under the state council in conjunction with the relevant departments of the state council Foreign students work-study management system, to foreign students work-study job scope and time limit to make regulation "[3]. It can be seen that the law has allowed foreign students to study hard, as long as the relevant procedures are handled according to the regulations, but the relevant rules have not been issued yet. Since the law allows, in order to improve the work efficiency, more services for foreign students, economically, the country's relevant regulations introduced before, the author dared to foreign students work-study relevant regulations make some discussions, and puts forward some proposals from the practical level, so that the relevant departments and to recruit foreign students of colleges and universities to develop a practical, easy to operation conditions. (1) what kind of foreign students can apply for work-study? There are three categories of foreign students: public and private students, long-term students and short-term students, academic students and students (including language students). Because of the different standards of the three classification methods, the students' composition is intersected, so this paper only discusses the application objects of work-study students in the past two kinds of classification methods. Both public and private students have the right to work hard. It's understandable that you agree to pay for your own work. But do you also agree to pay for student work? Do they also need to work? Don't they already have a scholarship? They don't need hard work. But that would be unfair. Bursar say although the Chinese government to provide them with the scholarship, is to let him to learn, not to work to earn money, but the purpose of work-study is not just to earn money, it can also be "foreign students deepen the understanding of China, promote cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries" [4], so that they blend in Chinese society to some extent, in order to better, more emotional understanding of the Chinese society, 26 understand China's culture, learning the Chinese language, as a result, schools should agree to bursar work-study, of course. If it is necessary to make a distinction, it is suggested that in the same situation, it is a priority to consider the application of work-study aid for self-employment. If the period of study is divided, long-term students and short-term students have the right to work hard, but in practice, it should mainly consider long-term students. Jin Yichao teacher thinks, "work-study object, should be an X visa to foreign students to study in our country, for an F visa short-term (55, intern, or visiting scholar should is not one of them" (1) [5]. In fact, it is also an international practice. Germany, for example, stipulates that "foreign students who take language courses on short-term visas are not allowed to work" [6]. In France, the rules are stricter: "students are prohibited from working during their first year of study. In the second year, only students who have started their professional studies are qualified to accept the work card and can work" [7]. We think, according to accept foreign students in our country actual situation, allow have a semester's study in school and to foreign students work-study, because the students have the attendance, grades, and law-abiding relatively complete records and performance, schools can also make a comprehensive evaluation on them. Only those who are good in many ways students, school can agree with their work-study, and for those who stripped after registration, don't go to class after pay visa slackers, resolute don't agree with school. The combination of students' performance in school and the examination and approval of work-study helps students to self-regulate and make them pay more attention to their school performance. For academic students and students, it is generally necessary to consider a degree, since the academic degree is longer, at least two years, and the trainees usually only have one year, or even half a year. But after a semester, the students who continue to study can also consider their work-study. (2) how long can you work each week? "Went into effect in June 2007 high school students work-study management measures for article 20 of the regulation:" students to participate in work-study time in principle no more than eight hours a week, no more than 40 hours a month." [8] foreign students is an important component part of college students, should manage according to the above method, but 8 hours working time a week seems to be too little, also not too conforms to the international practice. According to the author, Germany stipulates that the work-study program of the students is 8 hours per week, or not more than 3 months in the whole year. The United States, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea and so on are not more than 20 hours per week [9]. Denmark provides "18 hours of work permits a week after 18 months in Denmark." [10] this shows that many countries allow foreign students to work for 15 to 20 hours. However, in our country's "measures", this provision is "in principle", and the appropriate breakthrough should still be possible. Tianjin authorities have made a survey in 2005, thought to participate in work-study activities for 10 hours a week is reasonable accounted for about 55% of international students, think it is reasonable to 15 hours accounted for about 28%, don't think to 13% of 20 hours are reasonable. [11] considering the work-study foreign students in China is still in its infancy, the detailed rules, suggest a weekly limit for 10 hours at work, not more than 15 hours, summer and winter vacation can be longer. Schools may, in accordance with their respective actual conditions, formulate relevant implementation rules without breaking the relevant provisions of the state. This is the previous visa category. According to the regulations of the People's Republic of China on the entry and exit of aliens in the People's Republic of China, which came into effect on September 1, 2013, people who have applied to study in China for a long time shall be granted a visa for X1. For those who apply for short-term study in China, they will be issued with a X2 visa. What can be done? The restrictions on the scope of work in Shanghai are "not engaged in recreational and hazardous industries, not in business or full-time work" [12]. Jiangsu province has also drawn up a "provisional regulations", which stipulates that "the scope of work for foreign students" is limited to "education, technology and culture" [13]. In the interim measures for international student work-study management, which is currently being drafted, foreign students can do: 1. Teaching assistants, research assistants and research projects in parallel with academic research; 2. On-campus assistant management position; 3. Part-time job at education outside school; 4. Work as an intern or part-time job related to my major. [14], foreign students in class education or scientific research work should be no problem, engaged in translation work should also be possible, to as extras, but if the entertainment places to perform or as a model in commercials these performing arts class work, but can have different opinions. Jin Yichao believes that the scope of the foreign students work-study "students should be able to make full use of and play special skill, and is needed for the social and economic construction in China industry, type of work and department, rather than ordinary services such as catering, entertainment service industry" [15]. In the author's opinion, if the competent department has no explicit prohibition, it should be allowed, for foreign students to study hard work, "there is no prohibition against the law". Ordinary Chinese people engaged in legal work, foreign students can apply for, as long as not a pornographic, do not insult to China, do not break the law, not classified, and not only conforms to the Chinese customs, and for the communication between Chinese and foreign culture. Although we can in principle also agreed to foreign students to the restaurant as a waiter, go to the mall when a shop assistant, etc., but we also "must follow the principle of protecting our citizens the job market, reasonable regulation of work-study system scope, conditions and supporting measures to" [16], and limit the students in the lower levels of work, for example, can only agree with Korean students to work in South Korea restaurant, but not to work in other restaurants. (4) can foreign languages be taught? Wei-jia li believes that foreign students "work-study basically is to use the students of the specialty is engaged in the Chinese can not replace the work" [17], as a result, they often work in the language class teaching or counselling, because they are a mother tongue. Is it legal for foreign students to teach a foreign language at school? Article 26 of the education law of the People's Republic of China stipulates that schools or other education institutions must have "qualified teachers"; Article 34 it is also stipulated that "the state shall practise the system of qualification, position and appointment of teachers", [18] therefore, if they go to the school to teach, they must be qualified teachers. Qualified teachers must have a qualification certificate, and "pedagogic law of the People's Republic of China" in the first ten rules can get "teachers' qualifications" is "Chinese citizens" [19], "the measures for the implementation of the teachers' qualification regulations" article 3 rules also "Chinese citizens in schools and other institutions of education at various levels and specialized is engaged in the education teaching work, shall meet the teacher as" [20].As a result, China's teachers law is aimed at Chinese citizens, not foreign students. However, according to the related regulations, foreign teachers employed to work in China, must hold the foreign experts working in China to card "and the foreign experts certificate, should have a bachelor's or higher degree in university and two years of relevant working experience. [21] some people believe that, if these conditions are not met, only foreigners working in foreign countries with a "foreign face" are informal "black foreign teachers" [22]. The identity of the foreign students are students, not a "foreign experts", they just work-study, therefore, though they don't have the foreign experts certificate or 28 teachers' qualification certificate of the People's Republic of China, but as long as the teaching time and place not beyond the scope of their residence permits charging, they teach a foreign language is not illegal. Although it is not illegal, it is recommended to make relevant provisions on their age, educational background or work experience, and authorize an authority to certify their work qualification. For example, had more than six months before coming to China to legitimate formal education institutions to teach experience, or is the teacher's identity before coming to China and so on, can also be used to make the necessary assessment, to determine what level of the foreign students can be engaged in, what kind of language teaching. Is conducive to protect the rights and interests of the Chinese education agencies already so, protecting the rights of the legal education of students in China, also can avoid the only color of skin not only language education ability of racial discrimination, so that the foreign students work-study, especially in language teaching class work-study can took to the track of healthy development. Three, the idea of foreign students work-study actual operation (a) principles of examination and approval in order to make the work-study system can really ACTS as a stimulus for foreign students in China, the school in examination and approval work makes help to apply for, should formulate corresponding principle. Imagine this: 1. The attendance rate of last semester should be over 90%. As a student, his primary task is to study, and if the normal classes are not guaranteed, the school should not agree to his work-study. 2. The required courses for the last semester should be all passed, with an average score of over 75. Considering the number of subjects that some students study, it is possible to make a similar "no more than 3/4" rule. In a word, students should not be allowed to work part-time; 3. Compliance with the law is good. In the past, students should have no illegal driving, illegal residence, etc., and no other punishment. If there is, according to its nature and degree, do not agree with its work-study, or limit the scope or time limit of its work-study. Students who have had a long period of time in school, although they have violated discipline in the past, may also agree in principle to students who have made significant progress in the last semester. 4. Must purchase the comprehensive insurance of foreign students in China. If there is no insurance, it will bring hidden dangers to students, employers and schools. Therefore, the school cannot agree to their work-study. 5. The time limit for application is in accordance with relevant regulations. If the time limit for the application is clearly beyond the requirements, or it may affect its learning, it is not acceptable, but it can be agreed upon under the premise of reducing the working time; 6. Should be 18 years of age. The age of 18 is an adult, and there are clear rules in Australia and the UK. [23] 7. In the past, diligent students performed well. Was allowed to work-study students, if you want to delay, in addition to review its compliance situation, also look at the previous stage of work-study whether there was a timeout, beyond irregularities, such as and then decide whether or not to approve the extension according to the actual situation. If we put these principles in public and in order to foreign students work-study application for examination and approval, it will be beneficial to school management of the foreign students, encourage students to work hard, also contributed to their compliance. (2) article 41 of the new management law of the application procedure: "aliens working in China shall obtain work permits and work class residence certificates as required. No unit or individual may employ any foreigner who has not obtained a work permit or work permit." [24] therefore, it is necessary to obtain the "work permit" before signing the contract with the employer. 29 and the "regulations on the administration of the People's Republic of China on the entry and exit" article 22 to foreign students work-study has the following provisions: "aliens holding them their residence certificates need outside school work-study or internship, shall be subject to consent by the school, the exit and entry administration agency to apply for residence certificates to the public security organ work-study or internship site, time and other information. If the aliens holding the residence certificates of the study class do not add the information mentioned in the preceding paragraph, they shall not be allowed to work outside the school or practice. [25] that is to say, foreign students should be the first to try to apply for, so you can understand the scope of work, working period and post information, but also unable to sign a formal contract, because without a work permit, the school also don't agree. Is it possible to get permission to apply again? Or apply for permission first? Which department should students apply first? Is it a school, a visa office, or an employer? To avoid breaking the law and facilitating students, try this: 1. Student application. Students who have the willingness to work hard will apply to the school authorities, and fill out the form documents such as the application form for foreign students to study in the school. 2. The school was first tried. Applicants to and from school last term learning performance comparison of related principles for review, issue agrees and build official seal for qualified applicants, and indicate the scope of work and the work time, so that reference when unit of choose and employ persons employed; 3. Reach an intention. Students signed and sealed by the school of the foreign students work-study application form to apply for in line with the scope of work and working time of jobs, employment intention with unit of choose and employ persons, such documents as the letter of intent for hire. (if can directly sign a formal contract, the better, as long as indicate the similar "students obtain corresponding work visa after the contract comes into effect") under the terms of these documents must indicate the student to be formally hired after the work content, the information such as salary, job location and time limit. The employer should also provide a copy of the business license or the organization code certificate to prove the legitimacy and normality of the employing unit; 4. The school agrees. School audit, if the qualification of the employer (whether formal unit), working time limit, scope of work and so on the relevant regulations, the issue of "work-study consent"; Schools should also copy of "letter of intent for hire" (or "contract"), "business of board according to" or "organization code certificate" and other documents, especially to carry out and confirm the relevant person in charge of a unit, such as human resources manager's name and contact information, if is a private owner, can copy their id card, so that an emergency can contact; 5. Apply for additional notes. The student holds the passport, the documents provided by the employer and the "work-study consent form" of the school to apply for the place and time limit for the application of the residence permit work-study to the immigration management agency; 6. School remains. In the five days after obtaining the residence permit for the information on the work, please give the copy of the residence permit, the student number and the Chinese name to the school so that the school can keep it. In order to facilitate students, the extension of the new term residence permit can be combined with the addition of work-study information, thus reducing the number of students going to the immigration control institutions. The above six steps are preliminary ideas, and there may be some other problems encountered during the actual operation, and some steps may be allowed to simplify or merge, which should be improved in practice. Four, conclusion through to the foreign students work-study application object, and discusses the problems of the scope of work, work time limit for examination and approval of the foreign countries students work-study principles and presents some recommendations for examination and approval procedures. In principle we should agree to have learn more than one semester, and attendance rate is higher, the better grades and law-abiding within the scope of the laws and regulations to allow foreign students work-study; 30 foreign students should not exceed 15 hours per week if they do not affect their normal learning. Foreign students work-study, though not to relevant professional qualification certificate, as long as the residence certificate filling, but to apply for is engaged in the foreign students of foreign language teaching, relevant departments should be appropriate. Although the relevant rules of the state are still being worked out, we can't wait until the general direction is correct and in line with the state regulations, we can start to cross the river by feeling the stones and try to do it. The school should try to provide convenience for students and not be afraid of accidents. As soon as possible to help foreign students have read work-study, also is advantageous to the school to build better coming to China to study in the environment, to attract more foreign students to study in China, can also provide detailed regulations eventually making practical cases for reference. Short-term students work even though we don't agree in principle, but occasionally the school organization foreign students to attend the opening ceremony, celebration, or other public welfare activities, society is also the demand, the organisers may symbolically give some compensation. If you take part in this kind of activity, you are likely to have a short term student who is not satisfied with a semester. Although each time is not long, usually half a day or a day or so, but strictly speaking it is also a kind of work. Does this kind of work also need to apply for "residence certificate add note"? Suggest not. But in order to avoid regulatory gaps, in the detailed rules and regulations if unified organization by foreign students to attend school, although have paid but shorter temporary activities, do not need to apply for the residence certificate issuing. In this way, it is convenient for the school to organize students' activities, and it is also convenient for foreign students to have more opportunities to contact the society, and it is also a reflection of seeking truth from facts.

南京师范大学国际文化教育学院 沈冲 一、引言 在《中华人民共和国出境入境管理法》生效前，招收外国留学生的院校一直按《高等学 校接收外国留学生管理规定》来指导外国留学生的管理工作。其中第三十六条规定：“外国 留学生在校期间不得就业、经商，或从事其他经营性活动，但可以按学校规定参加勤工助学 活动”［１］ 。可见，外国留学生勤工助学从 ２０００年开始就是可以的，只是工作的选择面很小， 只能在校内从事外语教学等有限的工作。然而，因为该规定“没有进一步规定具体实施办 法，执行起来操作性不强”［２］ 。 ２０１３年 ７月 １日，新的《中华人民共和国出境入境管理法》（以下简称《新管理法》）正 式生效。该法第四十一条明确规定，“外国人在中国境内工作，应当按照规定取得工作许可 和工作类居留证件”；第四十二条也规定了由“国务院教育主管部门会同国务院有关部门建 立外国留学生勤工助学管理制度，对外国留学生勤工助学的岗位范围和时限作出规定”［３］ 。 可见，法律已允许外国留学生勤工助学，只要按照规定办理有关手续，只是相关细则尚 未出台。 既然法律允许，为了提高工作效率，多快好省地为外国留学生服务，在国家的相关细则 出台之前，笔者斗胆对外国留学生勤工助学的有关管理规定作些探讨，并从实际操作的层面 提出一些设想，以便有关部门和招收外国留学生的院校能制定出切合实际的、便于操作的 细则。 二、对外国留学生勤工助学的探讨 （一）什么样的留学生可以申请勤工助学？ 外国留学生通常有三种分类方式：公费生与自费生，长期生与短期生，学历生与进修生 （包括语言生）等。因为三种分类方式的标准不同，学生成分有交叉，故本文只以前两种分 类方式来探讨勤工助学的申请对象。 无论是公费生还是自费生都有权利勤工助学。同意自费生勤工助学无可厚非，大家都 能理解。但是否也要同意公费生勤工助学？他们也需要打工吗？他们不是已经有奖学金了 吗？他们就不需要勤工助学了吧。 但如果这样规定，就有失公允。公费生虽然说是中国政府给他们提供了奖学金，是让他 们来学习的，不是打工挣钱的，但勤工助学的目的不只是挣钱，它还可以“加深外国留学生 对中国的了解，促进中外文化交流”［４］ ，使他们在一定程度上融入中国社会，以便更好地、更 ２６ 感性地了解中国的社会，了解中国的文化，学习中国的语言，因此，学校当然应该同意公费生 勤工助学。若一定要有所区分的话，建议在同等情况下，可优先考虑自费生的勤工助学 申请。 若按学习期限来划分，长期生和短期生都有权利勤工助学，但从实际操作来看，勤工助 学应主要考虑长期生。金一超老师认为，“勤工助学的对象，应是持 Ｘ签证来我国学习的外 国留学生，对于持 Ｆ签证的短期进修生、实习生或访问学者应不在其列”①［５］ 。其实，这也 是国际惯例。例如，德国就规定“持短期签证学习语言课程的留学生不许打工”［６］ 。法国的 规定更严格：“留学生第一年学习期间禁止打工，第二年，只有已开始专业学习的学生才有 资格领工卡并可以打工”［７］ 。 我们认为，根据我国接受来华留学生的实际情况，可允许已经在校学习了一个学期及以 上的外国留学生勤工助学，因为这样的学生已经有了出勤、成绩、遵纪守法等比较完整的记 录和表现，学校也能对他们作出比较全面的评价。只有那些各方面表现都比较好的学生，学 校才能同意他们勤工助学，而对于那些注册后不见人影，交费后不去上课的签证混子，学校 坚决不能同意。把学生的在校表现与勤工助学的审批相结合，这有助于学生自律，促使他们 重视自己的在校表现。 关于学历生与进修生，一般应考虑学历生，因为学历生的在学时间较长，至少两年，而进 修生则通常只有一年，甚至半年。但一个学期以后，继续学习的进修生也可考虑其勤工 助学。 （二）每周可以工作多长时间？ ２００７年 ６月生效的《高等学校学生勤工助学管理办法》第二十条规定：“学生参加勤工 助学的时间原则上每周不超过 ８小时，每月不超过 ４０小时。”［８］ 外国留学生是高校学生的一个重要组成部分，理应按上述办法进行管理，但每周 ８小时 的工作时限似乎太少，也不太符合国际惯例。据笔者了解，德国规定留学生勤工助学每周 ８ 小时，或全年不超过 ３个月，英国规定公费生打工每周不超过 １５小时，。美国、日本、新西 兰、韩国等为每周不超过 ２０小时［９］ 。丹麦规定“在丹麦满十八个月后可以得到每周 １８个 小时的工作许可。”［１０］ 由此可见，许多国家允许外国留学生打工的时限一般为 １５－２０小时。 不过，我国的《办法》中这个规定是“原则上”的规定，适当突破应该还是可以的。 天津市的有关部门曾于 ２００５年作过一个调研，认为一周内参加勤工助学活动 １０小时 比较合理的留学生约占 ５５％，认为 １５小时比较合理约占 ２８％，认为 ２０小时比较合理不 到 １３％。［１１］ 考虑到我国外国留学生的勤工助学还处于起步阶段，在制定细则时，建议每周的工作时 限为 １０小时，最多不超过 １５小时，寒暑假可以长一些。各学校可根据各自的实际情况，在 不突破国家即将出台的相关规定的前提下，制定相应的实施细则。 ２７ ① 这是以前的签证类别。根据 ２０１３年 ９月 １日生效的《中华人民共和国外国人入境出境管理条 例》，申请在中国境内长期学习的人员，发给 Ｘ１字签证；申请在中国境内短期学习的人员，发给 Ｘ２字签证。 （三）可以做哪些工作？ 留学生勤工助学工作开展得很好的上海市对工作范围的限制是“不得从事娱乐性和危 险性行业，不得经商或从事全职工作”［１２］ 。江苏省也曾拟订过一个《暂行规定》，规定外国 留学生勤工助学的“工作范围仅限于教育、科技和文化领域”［１３］ 。而目前正在起草的《国际 学生勤工助学管理暂行办法》中关于“岗位范围”的规定，外国留学生可从事： １．校内助教、助研等教学科研辅助岗位或与学业研究并行的研究项目等； ２．校内辅助管理岗位； ３．校外教育机构的兼职工作； ４．与本人所学专业相关的校外实习或兼职工作。［１４］ 可见，外国留学生从事教育类或科研类的工作应该没有问题，从事翻译类的工作也应该 是可以的，但若去当临时演员，到娱乐场所去演出或当模特拍广告等这些演艺类的工作，可 能会有不同的意见。金一超认为，外国留学生勤工助学的范围，“应是能充分利用和发挥留 学生特长，并且是我国社会、经济建设所需的行业、工种和部门，而不是餐饮、娱乐服务行业 等一般劳务”［１５］ 。 笔者认为，若主管部门没有明令禁止，就应该被允许，对外国留学生勤工助学而言，“法 无禁止即可为”。普通中国人从事的合法工作，外国留学生都可以申请，只要不涉黄、不辱 华、不违法，不涉密，且既符合中国的风俗习惯，又有利于中外文化之间的交流即可。 虽然我们原则上也同意外国留学生可以到餐馆当服务生、去商场当售货员等，但我们也 “必须遵循保护我国公民就业市场的原则，合理规定勤工助学制度的范围，条件和配套措 施”［１６］ ，并限制留学生从事低层次的工作，例如，只能同意韩国学生去韩国餐厅打工，但不能 去其它餐厅打工。 （四）可否教外语？ 李维佳认为，外国留学生“勤工助学基本上是利用留学生的特长从事中国人无法替代 的工作”［１７］ ，因此，他们通常会从事语言类的教学或辅导工作，因为他们具有母语优势。那 么，外国留学生到学校教外语是否合法？ 《中华人民共和国教育法》第二十六规定，学校或其它教育机构必须有“合格的教师”； 第三十四条又规定“国家实行教师资格、职务、聘任制度”，［１８］因此，若到学校去任教，就必 须是合格的教师。合格的教师必须有教师资格证书，而《中华人民共和国教师法》第十条规 定可以获得“教师资格”的是“中国公民”［１９］ ，“《教师资格条例》实施办法”第三条也规定 “中国公民在各级各类学校和其他教育机构中专门从事教育教学工作，应当具备教师资 格”［２０］ 。因此，我国的教师法的司法对象是中国公民，不是外国留学生。 然而，根据相关规定，外籍教师受聘于中国境内工作，必须持有《外国专家来华工作许 可证》和《外国专家证》，应具有大学学士以上学位和两年以上相关工作经历。［２１］ 有人认为， 如果不符合这些条件，仅仅凭着一副“洋面孔”从事外教工作的外国人，就是不正规的“黑外 教”［２２］ 。 外国留学生的身份是学生，不是“外国专家”，他们只是勤工助学，因此，尽管他们没有 ２８ 《外国专家证》或《中华人民共和国教师资格证》，但只要从教的时限和地点没有超出其居留 许可加注的范围，他们教外语就不违法。 虽不违法，但建议对其年龄、学历或工作经历等作出相应的规定，并授权某个权威机构 对他们的工作资格进行认证。例如，在来华前有过 ６个月以上的合法的正规教育机构的教 学经历，或来华前就是教师身份等等，也可进行必要的考核，以确定该外国留学生可以从事 何种级别的、何种类型的语言教学。这样既有利于保护中国教育机构的权益，保护我国学生 受合法教育的权利，也可以避免唯肤色而不唯语言教育能力的种族歧视，从而使外国留学生 勤工助学，尤其是语言教学类的勤工助学能走上良性发展的轨道。 三、对外国留学生勤工助学的实际操作的设想 （一）审批原则 为了使勤工助学制度能真正对外国留学生的在华学习起促进作用，学校在审批勤工助 学的申请时，应制定相应的原则。设想如下： １．上学期的出勤率应在 ９０％以上。作为学生，其首要任务是学习，若正常的上课都不 能保证，学校就不应该同意其勤工助学； ２．上学期的必修课应该全部及格，且平均分在 ７５分以上。考虑到有些学生学习的科目 比较多，也可制定类似“不及格科目不超过 ３／４”的规定。总之，不应同意成绩较差的同学 打工； ３．遵纪守法表现表现良好。学生以往应无违法驾驶、非法居留等行为，也无其它处分。 若有，根据其性质和程度，不同意其勤工助学，或限制其勤工助学的范围或时限。对在校时 间较长，以往虽有违纪，但最近一学期已明显进步的学生，原则上也可同意； ４．必须购买来华留学生综合保险。若无保险，会给学生本人、聘用单位、学校带来隐患， 因此，学校也不能同意他们勤工助学； ５．申请的工作时限符合相关规定。若其申请的工作时限明显超出规定，或影响其学习， 也不能同意，但可在减少工作时限的前提下有条件同意； ６．应年满 １８周岁。１８周岁才算成年，澳大利亚、英国等对此也有明确的规定； ［２３］ ７．以往勤工助学表现良好。曾被允许勤工助学的学生，若要延期，除了考察其遵纪守法 的情况以外，还要看其前一阶段的勤工助学是否存在超时，超范围等违规行为，然后根据实 际情况决定是否同意其延期。 如果我们把这些原则公开，并以此对外国留学生的勤工助学申请进行审批，这将有利于 学校对外国留学生的管理，鼓励学生的勤奋学习，也促使他们遵纪守法。 （二）申请程序 《新管理法》第四十一条规定： “外国人在中国境内工作，应当按照规定取得工作许可和工作类居留证件。任何单位 和个人不得聘用未取得工作许可和工作类居留证件的外国人。”［２４］ 因此，应该是先取得“工 作许可”，然后才能与用人单位签合同。 ２９ 而《中华人民共和国外国人入境出境管理条例》第二十二条对外国留学生勤工助学有 如下规定：“持学习类居留证件的外国人需要在校外勤工助学或者实习的，应当经所在学校 同意后，向公安机关出入境管理机构申请居留证件加注勤工助学或者实习地点、期限等信 息。持学习类居留证件的外国人所持居留证件未加注前款规定信息的，不得在校外勤工助 学或者实习。”［２５］ 这就是说，外国留学生应该是先试着去应聘，这样就能了解工作地点、工作期限和岗位 范围等信息，但还无法签订正式合同，因为没有工作许可，学校还不一定同意。是先取得许 可再去应聘？还是先去应聘再去申请许可？学生究竟应该从哪一个部门开始先申请？是学 校、签证机关和还是用人单位？为了避免违法，且方便学生，可以试着这样操作： １．学生申请。有勤工助学意愿的学生向学校主管部门提出申请，填写学校定制的诸如 《外国留学生勤工助学申请表》等表格文件； ２．学校初审。学校根据申请者上学期的在学表现对照相关原则进行审核，对符合条件 的申请者签发同意并加盖公章，并注明工作范围和工作时限，以便用人单位聘用时参考； ３．达成意向。学生持学校签字盖章的《外国留学生勤工助学申请表》先去应聘符合工 作范围和工作时限的岗位，与用人单位达成聘用意向，签订《聘用意向书》等文件。（若能直 接签订正式的聘用合同，则更好，只要注明类似“学生取得相应的工作签注后，合同生效”的 条款即可）这些文件上必须注明学生被正式录用后的工作内容，工资待遇、工作地点和工作 时限等信息。用人单位还应提供《营业执照》或《组织机构代码证》的复印件，以证明用人单 位的合法性和正规性； ４．学校同意。学校审核，若用人单位的资质（是否正规单位）、工作时限、工作范围等符 合相关规定，就开具“勤工助学同意书”；学校还应复印《聘用意向书》（或《合同》）、《营业执 照》或《组织机构代码证》等文件，尤其是要落实和确认用工单位相关负责人，如人力资源部 经理等的姓名和联系方式，若系私人业主，可复印其身份证，以便紧急情况下能联系； ５．申请加注。学生持本人护照、用人单位提供的文件和学校的“勤工助学同意书”向出 入境管理机构申请加注居留许可勤工助学的地点与时限； ６．学校留存。请学生在获得加注勤工助学的信息的居留许可以后的五日内，把居留许 可的复印 件，注明学号和中文姓名，交给学校，以便学校留存。为了方便学生，可以把新学期居留 许可的延期与勤工俭学信息的加注结合起来，从而减少学生去出入境管理机构的次数。 以上六个步骤只是初步设想，实际操作过程中可能还会遇到一些其它问题，有些步骤也 许可以简化或合并，这些都有待在实践中改进。 四、结语 通过对外国留学生勤工助学的申请对象、工作时限和工作范围等问题的探讨，笔者对外 国留学生勤工助学的审批原则和审批程序提出了一些设想。 原则上我们应该同意已经学习一个学期以上的，且出勤率比较高的，学习成绩较好的且 遵纪守法的外国留学生在法规允许的范围内勤工助学； ３０ 外国留学生勤工助学应以不影响他们的正常学习为前提，建议每周不超过 １５小时； 外国留学生勤工助学虽不要相关专业的资格证书，只要居留证件加注即可，但对于申请 从事外语教学的外国留学生，相关部门应适当把关。 尽管国家的相关细则还在制定之中，但我们不能等，只要大方向正确，符合国家规定，就 可以先摸着石头过河，试着做起来。学校应尽量为学生提供便利，不能因怕出事而不作为。 这样既能帮助已经在读的外国留学生尽快勤工助学，也有利于学校营造较好的来华留学环 境，以吸引更多的外国留学生来华学习，还可以为相关细则的最终制定提供实际案例作 参考。 虽然我们原则上不同意短期学生打工，但学校偶尔会组织外国留学生出席一些开幕式、 庆典或其它公益性活动，社会也确有此需求，主办方也许会象征性地给些报酬。参加这种活 动的，很可能就有学习期限不满一个学期的短期留学生。尽管每次时间不长，一般为半天或 一天左右，但严格地说这也是一种打工。这种打工是否也需要申请“居留证件加注”？建议 不要。但为了避免法规的空白，在制定细则时，可规定若外国学生参加由学校统一组织的， 虽有报酬但时间较短的临时性的活动，无需申请“居留证件加注”。这样既方便学校组织留 学生活动，也便于外国留学生有较多的机会接触社会，更是实事求是的一个体现。